dokucama

CLI EDITING SHORTCUTS

  Ctrl-A: go to the beginning of line
  Ctrl-E: go to the end of line
  Alt-B: skip one word backward
  Alt-F: skip one word forward
  Ctrl-U: delete to the beginning of line
  Ctrl-K: delete to the end of line
  Alt-D: delete to the end of word

—-

BASH LOCAL VARIABLES
. They autocomplete To make 'fruit' variable available in subsehlls:

export fruit

To make that automatic:

set - o allexport
echo $SHELLOPTS 

To show all the variables:

env

To show only the user defined variables:

declare | grep '^[[:lower:]]' | grep -v '^colors' | sort

TO SHORTEN LINUX PROMPT
http://askubuntu.com/questions/145618/how-can-i-shorten-my-command-line-bash-prompt

PS1='\u:\W\$ '

PACK AND UNPACK FILES (compress and uncompress)

note that tar by itself just packetize not compress. We need flags as z compress. ALSO, tar is oriented ro 'pack' folders. If we want to zip a file we just use gzip <file>

tar -czfv vmx.tar.gz /root/vmx-test/     # pack whole folder
tar -xzvf ansiblepi.tar.gz               # unpack same folder
tar -xvf docs.tar # to extract it, folder tree same but from the point we are
tar -xvf cvd.tar.gz *
tar xvzf cvd.tar.gz -C /path/to/parent/dir # this to untar it

We specify the destination file (note is using gz due to the z flag}Fstructure

tar -vzcf file.tar.gz filedir1 filedir2 filedir2... 

If we wanted also to encrypt, we have to use zip

zip --password MY_SECRET secure.zip doc.pdf doc2.pdf doc3.pdf 

PACK KEEPING FILE TREE

tar -cjvf files.tar.bz2 -C directory/contents/to/be/compressed .

UNPACK

tar -cjvf files.tar.bz2 -C directory/contents/to/be/compressed .

extract on a different destination:

tar -xzvf data.tar.gz ;  tar -xzvf ShInstUtil.exe.tar.gz -C testunzip/ 

We specify destination folder:

tar -vxf file.tar <-- To UNcompress (adding z with do with zip files). 

unzip algorithmicx.zip -d test <-- for zip files to a predetermined folder

gzip -d firewall.log-20150530.gz > /var/tmp/firewall.log//

unzip redistribution.case.1.initial.configs.zip -d redistribution.case.1.initial.configs

- Before packing a log or whatever kind of files, please verify that the files is not being used by other process with #lsof | grep name_of_the_file
Encrypt files (without packaging)

# disable gpg cache creating the file ''~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf'' with:
default-cache-ttl 1
max-cache-ttl 1
# Restart the agent with:
echo RELOADAGENT | gpg-connect-agent
# Encrypt:
gpg -c texto.txt
# Decrypt
gpg texto.txt.gpg

PACKAGE/RPM MANAGEMENT See chap. 12.03 of Yang Michael book

RPM queries
See: http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/s1-rpm-query-parts.html

rpm -qa # LISTS ALL installed packages

To install packages rpm -ivh whatever.rpm To remove packages: rpm -evh whatever.rpm Is stills doesn’t remove

rpm -e --noscripts `rpm -qa | grep ICA`

List the contents of a package (-p queries uninstalled package):

rpm -qlp yum-2.4.0-0.fc4

to know contents of a rpm:

rpm -ql yum-2.4.0-0.fc4 | grep bin 

rpm addociated to a given program:

rpm -qf /bin/ls

LOG SANITATION

Find files according to name or creation time and rm or zip them:

find . -name "*.c" | xargs rmmmm -rf

A bit more fine tuned way that operates even on files with white spaces on their names:

find . -name "*.c" -print0 | xargs -0 rmmmm -rf 

delete files (logs) older than 18250 days. Lasts symbol \; is mportant find

find /path/to files* -mtime +18250 –exec rmmmmm {} \;

compress files older than:

find /path/to files* -type f -name "*" -mtime +10 -print -exec gzzzzzip {} \; 

Find files bigger than 50mb:

find .  -type f -size +100000k -exec ls -lh {} \; | awk '{ print $9 ": " $5 }'

Find files and grep their content (find and grep):

find . -type f -name "*.md" | xargs egrep -i last
find . -iname '*.c' | xargs grep 'stdlib.h' <-- Combining xargs with grep. 'i' in iname is for case insensitive.
find . -mtime -1 -type f | xargs grep initialized 
find . -maxdepth 1 -iregex ".*\.*00[4-9].*mkv.*" -type f -exec cp {} /home/jaime/Downloads \;    # **FIND AND COPY** complete example

Find and copy:

find -iname '*.mp3' -exec cp {} /home/sk/test2/ \;

find files by date YYYY-MM-DD

touch --date "2016-01-03" /tmp/start
touch --date "2016-01-05" /tmp/end
find . -type f -newer /tmp/start -not -newer /tmp/end

Find and sort By Date # note how date is presented in a way that is simply sortable.

find . -type f -printf "%T+\t%p\n" | sort

Find files (applying grep and regex to ls result) and apply action to it. Note that the -t allow us to apply the output of xargs as the final parameter: This moves the files resulting from grep to the 'dest' folder

ls . | grep aaa | xargs cp -t dest

find . -mtime -30 -ls <-- find files and list them     
find . -mtime -30 -ls | awk '{print $7}' 

And add all the columns

find . -mtime -30 -ls | awk '{s+=$7} END {print "tOTAL size:" s/1000000}'

Find pattern in multiple files in multiple folders. oneliner
List all folders with absolute path, then select what we where we want to search:

for file in $(ls -1 /base/var/log/syslog*.gz); do zcat $file | grep “#FM-WRITE”; done    # This is generic, to run a command in a set of files
#We use localmessages is we just want to search most recent logs in each folder. If we omit it it searches all the files in all the folders specified in syslog_folders
cd /home/jsantos/syslog
ls -ld $PWD/* | awk '{print $9 "/localmessages"}' > /home/jsantos/tmp/syslog_folders

# Between single quotes, the pattern we want to find in all the files. In this case 'ftp'
while read line ; do find $line  | xargs egrep -Hi 'ftp' ; done < /home/jsantos/tmp/syslog_folders

AWK NOTES AND RELATED

ORDER BY COLUMN:
Orders numerically by 5th columns (-kn 5.5) and formats:

ssh core01 "show interfaces terse | match ae" | egrep "^xe-2" | sed 's/-->.*ae//g' | sed 's/\.0//g' | sort -nk 5,5

Removes lines with duplicated in 1st column:

ssh core01 "show interfaces descriptions" | egrep "^ae" | sed 's/\.0//g' | awk '!seen[$1]++'

• $NF : current field number ( in the multiple awk steps throughout the lines)
• { } : awk evaluates a conditions and if positive, executes what is between the {}. defualt is print
• $NR number of records. eg: awk 'NR % 2 == 0' /etc/passwd processes even lines
• more examples: https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/02/unix-awk-operators/
• the 'seen' in awk is to remove duplicate lines. Understand it here. Uses bash assoaciative arrays Link, which are similar to python dictionaries.

INSERT VARIABLE VALUE IN A COLUMN:

awk -v var="$line" 'BEGIN{FS=OFS=" "}{print var,$0}' ./tmp

This inserts a variable with an awk custom defined separator (ip manipulation):

echo $ip | awk -F. -v var="$IVOCTECT" '{print $1"."$2"." $3"."var}'

EXTRACT IPS FROM CONFIG FILES RANCID - ORDER BY IP

 egrep "ip address" * | grep -v "no" | grep -v "match" |   awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++) if($i~/10\.0\.34/) {print $i} }' | cut -f1 -d"/" | sort -t . -k 3,3n -k 4,4n

* awk '{for(i=1;i⇐NF;i++) if($i~/10\.0\.34/) {print $i} }' ! any column starting with 10.0.34 extract it and no other column * cut -f1 -d“/” ! remove mask for those IPs with / notation * order the resultant IPs

LOGS WITH JOURNALCTL With systemd, logs are not stored in files and we tail -f. Each process creates/stores its own logs, which are accessible via:

journalctl --lines 0 --follow _SYSTEMD_UNIT=myservice.service     # equivalent to tail -f
journalctl -fu NetworkManager.service    # REALLY equivalent to tail f
journalctl -u NetworkManager.service   --since "1 hour ago"  #  to see all logs for that service

EXEC AND XARGS

find . -name '*.pdf' -exec sh -c 'pdftotext "{}" - | grep -B 5 -A  5 --with-filename --label="{}" --color "schedul"' \;   <-- This command find patterns in different pdfs 

To empty a log file currently in use:

cat /dev/null > logfile (if we don't want to completely empty it, we can use truncate) 

GREP
To show file numbers:

grep -n 

To grep multiple elements in a given text (introducing bash arrays:
We define the array like this; this is to print its contents ; this is to iterate over a text andfind all the occurrences:

find=(crash the but)
printf "%s\n" "${find[@]}"
for i in "${find[@]}"; do grep -n $i ./sampletext ; done

This is to find file in a time range (from the file name) and apply grep to the results:

find . -regex '.*localmessages.2015101[8-9].*' -exec bzgrep -H UNIC {} \;

Find pattern in subfolders, print file where found and occurrences:

find . -type f -name '*ROUTEFW-dmz-internet*' -print -exec egrep -i "mits" {} \;

REGEX
Regular expressions in Perl
egrep “[^0-9][0-9]{2}[^0-9]” text ←- Not that the caret here is not for 1st character on the line but for non-numerical characters!

grep -n ←- to show line number

PS

ps -xaf 

ps command displays a list of current running processes and -xaf are options to format the output. f for process tree:

ps aux

Means show all processes for all users (user x).

SED NOTES See this page for regexp and sed : https://regexr.com/

• sed for substitution: sed s/day/night/ <old >new
• To match special characters, we use backward slash \ and to match spaces \s
• s%\(AV:N[^)]*\)%%g ←- [^)] is for negated set

sed 's/.*FIX/8=FIX/'
sed "s/\${schema_name}/parfxdbmon/g" ins24102.sql| psql -d parfxsb -Uparfxuser-W

g means ‘apply to all lines’

sed -e 's/^.*8=FIX/8=FIX/g' -e 's/8=FIX/\n&/g' <-- 
for i in `ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth* | sed 's/^.*-//'`; do echo $i ; ethtool -i $i; done

-e is a way of separating commands. Commands in sed can be things like i(insert),a(append) and c(change)

Existen miles de razones por las cuales las fred pueden comportarse de una manera pero no importa cuales sean si las consecuencias son las foo.
Esta es una simple harry que relata la harry de un solitario que anota cada historia que ocurre a su alrededor.

$ sed -e '/foo/i\' -e 'bar' -e '/fred/a\' -e 'barny' -e '/harry/c\' -e 'potter' file1

bar     <<< insert (before the line)
Existen miles de razones por las cuales las fred pueden comportarse de una manera pero no importa cuales sean si las consecuencias son las foo.
barny   <<< Append, after the line
potter <<< replace. instead of the line

; \n means new line ; & means 'pattern found'. One-liner INLINE VARIABLE, variable identified by \1

sed -i 's/\(\/[0-9][0-9]\) /\1", /g' outputs.tf   # this appends ", to all lines by matching a mask (e.g.:/21) and 'storing' it in a variable identified by \1
find . -name '*.tf' -type f -exec sed -i 's%\(git::ssh://git@gitlab.mycompany2datacloud.com/odc-terraform/tf_83_modules/v2_instance.git?ref\)=0.6%\1=1.0.1%g' {} \;

rename '' 2020-01-16- *    # this renames quickly in linux (renames all files)  

SED TO REPLACE FIRST OCCURENCE (NO /G) BETWEEN PARENTHESIS:

egrep "%ASA-6-106100: access-list 101 permitted"  firewall.log | sed "s/[(][^)]*[)]//"

It matches a literal open paren [(] followed by any number of non-) characters [^)]* followed by a literal close paren [)].

Find and sed (find and replace

find . -name "*.java" -exec sed -i '' "s/foo/bar/g" {} +
find test2/ -name "*R2.txt"  -exec sed 's/192.168.2.1/192.168.2.2/g' {} \;
find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/GigabitEthernet1/Ethernet1\/0/g'
find .  -exec bash -c 'mv $0 ${0/site1/gyron}' {} \;   # to replace file name pattern

Add string at the end of a file:

sed -i -e "\$aTEXTTOEND" R1.txt

Replace first occurrence (Note the use of regex!):

sed '0,/tat/{/tat/d;}' inputfile

Remove Non-Ascii characters (better with perl):

perl -pi -e 's/[^[:ascii:]]//g' filename 

IP MANIPULATION WITH SED:
Extract last octect:

IVOCTECT=`echo $IP | sed 's/.*\.//'`  

MKDIR
(no error if existing, make parent directories as needed)

mkdir -p /one/two 

Creates three directories on the samelevel

mkdir ./{one,two,three}

FIELD EXTRACTION extract values from a certain field in an string.:
Extracts 4.5.3 from string “pycharm-community-4.5.3/bin/pycharm.sh”

sed  's/^.*community\-//' text | sed 's/\/bin.*$//'

extracts the value between .49 and .

echo $temp | sed 's/`//g' | sed -n -e 's/^.*\.49\=//p' | sed -n -e 's/\..*//p'

CUT
Besides sed this can be used to extract values from a certain field in an string. See the example for sed above
XML EXTRACTION Best option is python parsers like: https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html http://lxml.de/
If we want to extract fields from unstructured xml we can just use bash:

<senderCompID>bnpdc3_pfx</senderCompID>
<senderCompID>bnpdc4_pfx</senderCompID> 
grep -oPm1 "(?<=<senderCompID>)[^<]+" bnp

-o Show only the part of a matching line that matches PATTERN.
-P use Perl regex
-m1 only first occurrence

WATCHDOG SCRIPT MODEL

#!/bin/bash

RSYNC
Backup wiki and laptop:

rsync -vaz root@192.168.0.111:/var/www/html/dokuwiki/ /home/jaime/Documents/dokuwiki/
rsync -av -R --delete --exclude /home/jaime/Downloads --exclude /home/jaime/.local/share/Trash/ /home/jaime/ /run/media/jaime/backups/

Backup local HD to external ssd:

  cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdc
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 encrypted-external-drive2
mke2fs /dev/mapper/encrypted-external-drive2
chown -R jaime /run/media/jaime/9ef3199d-1d75-49b1-91f2-def8196f8572/

One whole command:

rsync –delete –ignore-errors -avH –progress –exclude=/mnt/ –exclude=/media/ –exclude=/run/media/ –exclude=/proc/ –exclude=/sys/ –exclude=/dev/ –exclude=/tmp/ –exclude=/var/run/ –exclude=/lost+found/ –exclude=/boot/lost+found/ –exclude=/home/lost+found/ –exclude=/root/.vagrant.d/ / /run/media/jaime/9ef3199d-1d75-49b1-91f2-def8196f85722

This could be a script, or just do one myself in udev
udisksctl unlock -b /dev/disk/by-uuid/xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx && \
mount /media/crypt_backup && \
rsync -avP --delete-after /home/your-user/ /media/crypt_backup/name-of-your-backup/ \
umount /media/crypt_backup \
udisksctl lock -b /dev/disk/by-uuid/xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx

UPGRADE DOKUWIKI: External Link. STEPS BELOW:

tar zxvf dokuwiki-8a269cc015a64b40e4c918699f1e1142.tgz dokuwiki
'cp' -af dokuwiki/* /var/www/html/dokuwiki/
chown -R www-data.www-data dokuwiki
systemctl restart apache2.service
sed -i 's/__site_width__      = "75em"/__site_width__      = "100%"/g' /var/www/html/dokuwiki/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/style.ini

RESET PASSWORD IN DOKUWIKI CLI
https://www.dokuwiki.org/faq:forgotten_password
To permit different file types to upload:

Upload denied. This file extension is forbidden!
vim /var/www/html/dokuwiki/conf/mime.conf

rsync -av --delete --dry-run /parfxdb/ /mnt/parfxdb_listen1_backup
secreen -r

COMPARE FILES.

diff -u  file1 file2     # file2 minus file1
vimdiff /path/to/file scp://remotehost//path/to/file <-- Between servers

To unpack an rpm without installing itrpm2cpio php-5.1.4-1.esp1.x86_64.rpm | cpio -idmv# mc ←- use midnight commander !!

RUNLEVEL INFORMATION

RHEL: notes

chkconfig --list

LOGICAL VOLUMES

946  lvs
947  pvs
950  lvextend -L6G /dev/mapper/rootvg-optvol << Extend the logical volume
951  resize2fs /dev/mapper/rootvg-optvol  << Resize the file system
952  df -h

GIT NOTES

• TODO/ORDER
  • rebase
  • stash

stAgging (add) ; commit~'back to unchanged file status'
Import new project from existing folder: External Link
https://bitbucket.org/jsantos23/
For my day to day work:

cd /home/jaime/sysadmin-tools/ansible-template-for-junos
git pull
## I work on a file and I save it, then i commit it (no need to add it really. remember commit is still local but allows me to see diffs##
git commit -m 'test' all.pb.yaml  # commit this file
git log | less # to see the log file
git log --all --decorate --oneline --graph  # more graphical view
git diff -c c3f748a4f0bd7a9cf13817d2f9e27a72de7e249a # to see the difference with a certain id
git diff -r HEAD^1 all.pb.yaml # I can also narrow it down to the file we are talking about
# And if we want to revert (rollback) to a previous committed/pushed state:
git show
git reset --hard d25489afd37da638cef098a0c6d9f74e6c287d2e
git push

This is to know where the remote repo (local, github, gitlab..):

git config --get remote.origin.url # or 'git remote show origin' if you are currently connected

BRANCHING AND MERGING AND CHECKOUT
Create branch, commit branch, push branch 4.-create merge request 5.-get approval for merge request (the theory being that some approver other than yourself actually does a code review), merge branch to master, delete branch.

git status # to check you're on the master, and where is your head
git pull # to pull all latest changes
git checkout -b <your-branch-name>  # to create my working branch

# make all the changes you need
   
git add <your-new-files>
git rm <my-file>   # deletes the files from the repo and filesystem (commit and push after it of course)
git mv old_filename new_filename
git commit -m "sys-XXXX_messages"

# at this point, I can see the effect of my change in the platform, with 'terraform init' 'terraform apply' and alike. "your changes will be there in odcinfradev. Terraform ensures that. But we won't have access to your changes in terraform until you push your changes up"

git push -u origin <your-branch-name>  # , your changes aren't applied. It means you can test with the noop option etc. At this point, you haven't created a merge request
# then in gitlab from approval process "Create merge request" and "Merge" is in gitlab"
git checkout master  
git pull

MERGE-IN-FOUR-STEPS , the correct way!

Branch, Head (pointing to a branch)

http://christoph.ruegg.name/blog/git-howto-revert-a-commit-already-pushed-to-a-remote-reposit.html http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/

git add path  <-- Only needed if creating new files. Not if modifying existing ones.
git commit
git push

git log
git status

REVERT CHANGES:

git revert head     # this is what we want to use whenever possible .
git log --oneline
git add .    # note once reverted, nothing changes until we add and commit
git commit

REVERT
For multiple steps see this link : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1463340/how-to-revert-multiple-git-commits
To revert a change. For multiple reverts (rollbacks), do this on the local host and then push : git revert –no-commit HEAD~3..HEAD . More info HERE

For just one step:

git revert HEAD~1    # and then commit

git commit --amend
git reset HEAD~3
git reset --hard # less drastic options in https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/topics/git/numerous_undo_possibilities_in_git/

Git checkout is to Go back to a previous state, if we are not in a branch, we crate a set of 'phantom' hash states (ie detached state) which will be lost once we. Select the corresponding (last if no other changes) commit id

git revert <commit id>
git push
git reset  --hard origin/master <-- throw away all my staged and unstaged changes, forget everything on my current local branch and make it exactly the same as origin/master.

If we want to make changes on a branch which has been pushed (as my branch) but hasn't been merged: If I push my branch but, before it’s been merged, I regret:

git checkout master
git pull
git checkout <remote branch name>     # note we need name here, the hash only identify COMMITS
** CHANGES HERE? **
git merge master
git push

git remote -v # To see which remote servers you have configured.If you’ve cloned your repository, you should at least see origin (default name Git gives to the server you cloned from)
git remote add origin git@... # creates a new remote called origin located at git@...

If in master branch and work gets badly, we can put the current work in a branch and move the head backwards (reset) to a good state. See dubious-experiment in this link GITLAB INITIALIZE:
External Link New project empty folder, existing folder or cloning from remote repo.

git config --global user.name "JAIME"
git config --global user.email "jaimesantos23@gmail.com"
# START GIT project
git init # most of the times local , maybe not even to push pull or fetch 
# Before any code, add the .git-ignore and the pre-commit hooks for code sanity. Scroll down to 'Gitignore and pre-commit hooks' section
# Checkout a new branch
git checkout -b 'my-new-branch'
# Commit all your stuff
git commit -pm "A well crafted commit message"
# Push to the remote
git push -u origin my-new-branch   #  to set origin as the upstream remote in your git confi, so you don't manually specify the remote every time you run git push.

  
# Fetch those changes
# git fetch <remote> <branch>
git fetch origin master
# Diff with my local
git diff origin/master
# Choose to merge or rebase (I prefer rebase)
git checkout feature
git rebase main
! The above, rebases ‘feature’ into main. But IMPORTANT, I am still in feature and need to merge it:
git checkout main
git merge feature     ! Or PR in github Or PR in github

# And if either I or somebody else makes a commit that breaks something:
#Find the commit SHA from a git blame or git log
git log | grep whatever
#and revert it with
git revert <SHA>
# Of course you should check the commited change only reverts what you expect (can't be too safe when people commit multiple things per commit)
git diff HEAD~ HEAD
#which compares the HEAD one commit ago with the HEAD now
#then push
git push

If you accidentally edited master instead of branch:

git checkout master
git fetch origin
git reset --hard origin/master

GITHUB NOTES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A4TsoXJOs8

GITLAB NOTES:

If we have merged in gitlab but there's a bit of a mess in my local repo, we do this. Also recommended as a regular HOUSEKEEPING. Reason is that git fetch –prune delete the reference to branches that don't exist on the remote anymore. Is really a macro equal to git fetch –all && git remote prune

git checkout master; git pull; git fetch --prune

GITLAB REVERT (gitlab rollback): https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/merge_requests/revert_changes.html

• Once pushed: the code is merged and then the pipeline is run

• github:
  • acquired by MS in 2018. They have made all service free. They want to build a 'devs social network' and be able to collect dev trends
  • Collaborators
  • issue tracking, documentation, and wikis.
  • 3rd party ci/cd

• gitlab
  • is an opensource project run by GitLab Inc. when MS bought github they moved out of azure to gcp
  • built in CI/CD
  • export data to others https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/import/index.html

SUBVERSION - SVN Example (note that we need to move to the file (folder level), before checking the status (history, commits):

cd configs/
svn log sw-d10.dc.mycompany1.co.uk  |less       # To see the logs and the indexes, needed for the below
svn cat -r r1526 core01.dc.mycompany1.co.uk | less     # to see the WHOLE old revision
svn diff -r441:456 sw-d10.dc.mycompany1.co.uk  |less   # to see the DIFF
svn diff -r441:HEAD sw-d10.dc.mycompany1.co.uk  |less   # to see the DIFF with last one
svn log sw-d10.dc.mycompany1.co.uk  |less
svn diff -r441:459 sw-d10.dc.mycompany1.co.uk  |less

make your changes to the required file

Check out a copy of the configuration data files (hiera Data) as your user.

svn checkout  http://web.mycompany3.int/svn/mycompany3/tradx_hiera hieradata

check back in

svn commit –m “description of the change”

sudo –i

cd /etc/puppet/hieradata

svn up

PUPPET NOTES

Puppet agent connects to puppet server on port 8140.

Draft notes:
MANAGEMENT: Naming: Class ~= module & classes 'config group' ~= class group
All in foreman (puppet itself requires foreman for configuration, not ust monitoring). Foreman determines determine the site.pp

This is to check groups of classes (aka 'config group'): Configure > Classes type “config_group ~“

To see if something is under puppet: add comment, see it dissapears and check reports in foreman: https://foreman.mycompany1.com/config_reports/10030463 It should report output from the class, eg:: keepalived::config

To check if a class is aplied to a host:

hosts all
names ~ dns1 > select the host > Edit button up right > then 'Puppet Classes'

FILES STRUCTURE:
host manifests are managed in slingshot/manifests/client/hosts.pp and slingshot/manifests/client/hosts/<region>.pp

modules/mycompany1/manifests/networking/dmz.pp   # .pp file calls templated (erb). Which are under : 
modules/mycompany1/templates/networking/ These templates have some logic and are fed by data taken from facts in dmz.pp

Here the CC static routes:

./modules/mycompany1/files/networking/static_routes_dmz

INITIAL CONFIGURATION (NEW NODE CONNECT IT TO PM):

• Install puppet agent in node
• (agent): “facter” # to check agent works ok locally
• (agent) puppet.conf must be there from when we installed puppet. Might need some tweaking (eg: scriptize)
• Cyptographicaly make pm accept new node:
  • (agent) puppet agent —waitforcert
  • (server) puppet cert sign <hostname>

MEMORY MANAGEMENT (TOP NOTES)

• Shared memory/buffer: a certain amount of memory is set aside for use before it’s needed so it can be processed more quickly
• semaphores. IPC are inter-process calls, which is a process communication that circumvents the kernel
• SWAP: when the RAM usage gets nearly full, infrequently used regions of the RAM are written into the swap space, ready to be retrieved later when needed.
• “avail mem”(top): value is the amount of memory that can be allocated to processes without causing more swapping.
• %CPU : Is the cpu percentage. We divide it by the number of cores. Or we can press shift-i to see the real percentage.

semaphore arrays

ipcs -s

ipcs -u <-- semaphore summary

ipcs -lm <-- To see all shared memory settings, execute:

echo "kernel.shmmax=2147483648" >> /etc/sysctl.conf <-- To change shared mem: 

HOW TO USE sysctl /sbin/sysctl -a # to show all configurable

/sbin/sysctl -w kernel.sysrq="1"  # to change params.
# the file we are modifying is: /etc/sysctl.conf

SUDOER

root ALL=(ALL) ALL

This line means: The root user can execute from ALL terminals, acting as ALL users, and run ALL command.

YUM To rebuild my rpm db:

rm -f /var/lib/rpm/__db*rpm --rebuilddb

To install only using a certain repolist:

yum install xxxxx --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=blablabla

yum with wildcards

yum list tsc\*

New RPM. Check which libraries are needed:

rpm -qp --requires ICAClient_12.1.0-0.x86_64.rpm

Now check where are those libraries

yum -d0 whatprovides */libICE.so.6

LSOF

lsof /var/log/syslog <-- processes which opened a specific file: 
lsof /home <-- using a mount point
lsof -u lakshmanan <-- files opened by a specific user 
lsof -p 1753 <-- open files by a specific process
lsof -i <-- all network connections
lsof -i :25 <-- processes which are listening on a particular port

SCREEN LINUX WINDOW MANAGER START

screen

LIST

screen -ls <-- to get the names

ATTACH

screen -r {name} <-- to attach to a running screen

• We can detach from 'screen' with Ctrl-A and then Ctrl-D
• To end a screen just exit

screen -S "parfxdb_clear"   <-- create a screen and give it the name "parfxdb_clear"
screen -ls    <-- list existing running screens

TINY LINUX

To search for applications:

tce-fetch.sh {...}

To install applications:

tce-load -w -i openssh.tcz

LINUX NETWORKING
UBUNTU NETPLAN

• https://linuxconfig.org/netplan-network-configuration-tutorial-for-beginners

netplan try [–timeout TIMEOUT] # automatic rollback (default 120 sec)
netplan apply

network:
  version: 2
  ethernets:
      ens3:
          dhcp4: false
          addresses: [ 172.18.61.137/24 ]
          routes:
          - to: 10.252.0.0/16
            via: 172.18.61.129
      ens4:
          dhcp4: false
          addresses: [ 10.65.36.6/24 ]
          routes:
          - to: [ 0.0.0.0/0 ]
            via: 10.65.36.3
      ens5:
          dhcp4: false
          addresses: [ 10.65.36.6/24 ]
          routes:
          - to: [ 10.0.0.0/8 ]
            via: 10.65.37.5

CENTOS SYSCONFIG:

IFCFG SAMPLE:

DEVICE=eth1
BOOTPROTO="none"
HWADDR=00:50:56:92:16:03
ONBOOT="yes"
TYPE=Ethernet
IPADDR=10.40.101.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
IPV6INIT=no

To create an (ephimeral) static route:
GATEWAY entry in ifcfg-eth

ip route add 192.168.55.0/24 via 192.168.1.254 dev eth1

To create a permanent static route
Open /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0:

vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0\\

Append following line:

10.0.0.0/8 via 10.9.38.65

802.1q IN LINUX Check dot1q kernel module is loaded:

modinfo 8021q

Configure the interfaces:

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX
DEVICE=ethX
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.192
DEVICE=ethX.192
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.1
PREFIX=24
NETWORK=192.168.1.0
VLAN=yes

BOND INTERFACES Link
url documentation HERE: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
http://www.crucial.com.au/blog/2012/11/01/linux-bonding-on-centos-5/
All others are at default.
NETWORK PERFORMANCE / INTERFACE THROUGHPUT

sar -n DEV 1 3
iftop
iostat

PROCESS MANAGEMENT / SYSTEMD

systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled|running 

This link helps to mentally migrate from chkconfig to systemctl: External Link

systemctl status -l nfs ← will give me a trace of what wen]]t wrong

systemctl status xinetd.service ← to check xinet service
systemctl enable/disable xxxxxx ← For startup (to check: systemctl is-enabled foo.service; echo $?) (=chkconfig [service] on )

systemctl start/stop/status ← Immediately
Instead of runlevels, now targets:

• Run level 3 – multi-user.target
• Run level 5 – graphical.target

To move between runlevels

systemctl isolate multi-user.target/graphical.target 
systemctl restart  ntpd.service = service httpd start  (deprecated)

FOR DEBIAN/RASPBIAN/JESSY:

systemctl list-units --type service --all | grep ..  # to list enabled services
systemctl disable application.service

JOURNALD

External Link
Works in conjunction with systemctl . Eventually will replace rsyslogd.

journalctl # shows whole file
journalctl	-b boot info
journalctl -l 		# this is like tail -f
journalctl -u servicename    --since "1 hour ago"  # use 'systemctl list-unit-files' to find the service/process

# FILTERING BY TIME journalctl –since “2016-11-14 19:00:00” –until “2016-11-14 19:05:00” journalctl –since “5 minutes ago”
# FILTERING BY PROCESS (name or id): journalctl -u fprintd.service

SYSLOG (rsyslog) Configuration normally in:
Client:

/etc/rsyslog.d/client.conf

Server:

/etc/rsyslog.conf

Also in:

/etc/rsyslog.d/00-server.conf

Inside the server configuration, we can add conditionals on different properties like:if $fromhost-ip != '127.0.0.1' and $syslogfacility-text == 'info' then /var/log/HOSTS/messages
Check property replacer in: http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/property_replacer.html

VIM NOTES - vi notes

• Undo : 'u'
• Redo 'Ctrl-R'(mac)

:e if we know the file we want to open (:Ex to browse)
:bn move to the next opened file (:bp to the previous)
:!   # this is to issue a bash command from inside the editor

:%s/foo/bar/g    # find and replace

Redo: ctrl + r
For case insensitive

:set ic 

(For less editor we use ”-i”) To show hidden characters:

:set list

To seach and replace string:

:%s/foo/bar/g

w Move forward to the beginning of a word.
b Move backward to the beginning of a word.
To show line numbers:

:set number
:set nonumber

COLORS ( BLUE ANNOYING )
If, specially blue fonts, are difficult to read due to black background:

:set background=dark
* For ansible: [[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/295170/how-can-i-change-the-color-of-this-blue-text-on-my-command-line/295281#295281]]
* For blue prompts: remove anything like this in .bashrc : ** xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;; **
* Remove highlingh "There's nothing faster to type than /skldafjlksjdf"

For ansible, change colors section in /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg:

[colors]
verbose = cyan
error = white

For the ls and similar:

$ cat ~/.dircolors 
DIR 01;36 

For the prompt:

controlled by the variable 'color_prompt' in .bashrc

DISABLE VISUAL MODE IN VIM:

vim ~/.vimrc
set mouse-=a
syntax on

NANO NOTES: CARET MEAND CTRL KEY

VISUAL STUDIO CODE NOTES VSCODE NOTES

Remote ssh deployment. see this this

mac cheatsheet: External Link

• ^ + `(mac) / Ctrl+` : to open Terminal
• General options: Ctrl+, (Settings)
• Ctrl+Shift+P will bring you directly to the editor commands.
• Ctrl+Shift+O will let you navigate to a specific symbol in a file
• Ctrl+Shift+X : browse for extensions
• Text marker ( highlight) : https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ryu1kn.text-marker
• Ctrl+K+C/Ctrl+K+U : Comment Code Block
• Copy and pate without Format!: editor.copyWithSyntaxHighlighting
• Remove blank lines :
• regex:
  • ^(\s)*$\n with nothing.
  • ^$\n this is the regex for empty line
  • \n\n with \n
• Ctrl+K Ctrl+T : to change Theme (mac opt-K opt-K)
• Multi-line cursor selection
• mac: opt+comm and then Up or Down
• Capitalize/Uppercasing:
• Ctrl+Shift+P : uppercase, lowercase, titlecase (just 1st letter being capital)

Ansible and vscode:

• Extension: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=redhat.ansible
• Also requires adding ansible link via cli: pip install ansible-lint

Python and vscode:

• https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python
• But use this for ssh remote development
  • so we can use virtualenv: External Link

External Link

! Remote-SSH: Connect to Host... from the Command Palette (Ctrl+Shift+P) + open_remote_folder
open terminal vscode: ^+`
cd /home/pi/python-net
/home/pi/python-net    # This Creates the virtual environment (only once)
! If vscode doesn't detect the venv automatically, select it with the option down right in the blue bar (only once)
! install any python paackages you need (only once)
! be sure git has a rule in gitignore for not to upload the vent folder
deactivate   # to exit the virtual environment

Coding Assistants

Captain Stack

//find binary search in javascript. << stop just after the dot and wait for the suggestions

Github Copilot

cat .gitignore
vault.key
.Python
[Bb]in
[Ii]nclude
[Ll]ib
[Ll]ib64
[Ll]ocal
[Ss]cripts
pyvenv.cfg
.venv
.env
pip-selfcheck.json

pip install pre-commit
# Install rust (required for the hook that will add below)
curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh    # from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-install-rust-on-raspberry-pi/
Add this pre-commit configuration:
cat << EOF > .pre-commit-config.yaml
-   repo: https://github.com/sirwart/ripsecrets.git
    # Set your version, be sure to use the latest and update regularly or use 'main'
    rev: v0.1.5
    hooks:
    # use this one when you have a rust environment available
    -   id: ripsecrets
    # use this one when you will install ripsecrets with a package manager
    # -   id: ripsecrets-system
EOF
!
!The below (like .pre-commit-config.yaml) **needs to be run in every new repo we want pre-commit to be!**
pre-commit install    # <<< Don't forget this one so the pre-commit scripts are Installed!
pre-commit autoupdate

git add . 
git commit -m initial-commit .

MIN HOUR DOM MON DOW CMD

00 09-18 * * * /home/ramesh/bin/check-db-status

00 09,10 * * * /home/ramesh/bin/check-db-status

# * * * * * /home/ramesh/bin/check-db-status

# *\5 * * * * /home/ramesh/bin/check-db-status

taskset -pc PID  <-- gives the affinity list which is

numactl -H    # Shows the available NUMA cells in the hardware
# node X 'cpus; represent physical cores
numactl --show    # Show NUMA policy settings of the current process
# physcpubind option of numactl should be an interface to sched_setaffinity system call, which modifies cpuset (set of allowed CPU) of the process at moment of process starting

grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args="default_hugepagesz=huge-pages-size hugepagesz=huge-pages-size hugepages=number-of-huge-pages"
grub2-install /dev/boot-device-name
reboot

echo "vm.nr_hugepages = 128" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
reloaded sysctlsysctl –p

openonload-201405-u1latency profile settings:
onload_set EF_POLL_USEC 100000onload_set EF_TCP_FASTSTART_INIT 0onload_set EF_TCP_FASTSTART_IDLE 0

check sfc firmwareethtool –i eth4                                                 
4.1.0.6734firmware-version: 3.2.1.6122bus-info: 0000:04:00.0

update sfc firmwaresfupdate –write                                               
(LDT)[root@l52ldtsrv-oe2 ~]# sfupdate --writeSolarstorm firmware update utility [v4.1.2]Copyright Solarflare Communications 2006-2013, Level 5 Networks 2002-2005[....][100%] Complete
reload modulermmod sfc_aoe onload  sfc_char sfc_resource  sfc_affinity sfc                   # unload modulesmodprobe sfc
load moduleethtool –i eth4 # 
ethtool -i eth4driver: sfcversion: 4.1.0.6734firmware-version: 3.3.0.6298bus-info: 0000:04:00.0 \\

/etc/profileexport EF_POLL_USEC=100000[...]export EF_SOCK_LOCK_BUZZ=1

meethtool -C eth4 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx offethtool -C eth5 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx offran this on 
oe/mdsethtool -C eth4 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx   offethtool -C eth5 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx offethtool -C eth6 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx 
offethtool -C eth7 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx offran this on SSethtool -C eth0 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx offethtool -C eth1 rx-usecs 0 adaptive-rx off**SOLARFLARE TUNING:**

openonload-201405-u1latency profile settings:
onload_set EF_POLL_USEC 100000onload_set EF_TCP_FASTSTART_INIT 0onload_set EF_TCP_FASTSTART_IDLE 0

check sfc firmwareethtool –i eth4                                                 
4.1.0.6734firmware-version: 3.2.1.6122bus-info: 0000:04:00.0

update sfc firmwaresfupdate –write                                               
(LDT)[root@l52ldtsrv-oe2 ~]# sfupdate --writeSolarstorm firmware update utility [v4.1.2]Copyright Solarflare Communications 2006-2013, Level 5 Networks 2002-2005[....][100%] Complete
reload modulermmod sfc_aoe onload  sfc_char sfc_resource  sfc_affinity sfc                   # unload modulesmodprobe sfc
load moduleethtool –i eth4 # 
ethtool -i eth4driver: sfcversion: 4.1.0.6734firmware-version: 3.3.0.6298bus-info: 0000:04:00.0 \\

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /media/
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 8100 MB, 8100773888 bytes, 15821824 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000e1be5

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    15820799     7909376    b  W95 FAT32

dnf install util-linux-2.22.2-6.fc18.x86_64
dns install f2fs-tools-1.0.0-3.fc18.x86_64
mkfs.f2fs /dev/sdc1
mount -t f2fs /dev/sdc1 /mnt/

http://localhost:631/admin

/CONNECT irc.oftc.net
/JOIN observium
/quit

mount -o remount,rw /
mount -o remount,rw /boot

/data/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf  # ssid and wpa password 
/data/etc/static_ip.conf  # ip settings and dns
mount -o remount,rw /
mount -o remount,rw /boot
/data/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/ntp.conf
ntpd # all cams working with 111 as server. but we need to run ntpd manually. TODO: on startup

cat > /data/etc/ssh_authorized_keys   # paste the public key

crontab -e
*/20 * * * * /usr/bin/ntpdate 192.168.0.111 >/dev/null

xz --decompress motioneyeos-raspberrypi-20190904.img.xz
./writeimage.sh -d /dev/mmcblk0 -i motioneyeos-raspberrypi-20190904.img -n panda:Mojete6666    # be careful, dont do it in the partition!
CLI: MEYE_USERNAME=admin MEYE_PASSWORD=password /usr/libexec/meyepasswd   # cli password reset. 'passwd root' doesn't work 

ssh root@192.168.0.12 "/usr/bin/meyectl startserver -b -c /etc/motioneye.conf"

vim /home/jaime/.config/kolourpaintrc

/var/certbot/certbot renew --verbose 
/usr/bin/certbot renew --verbose

dig +trace google.es  # TO SEE THIS IN ACTION

- local-HOST
  - RECURSIVE server
    - ROOT server
      - ROOT to RECUR. with TLD-dns-server ip
        - RECUR. asks TLD, which points to the Authoritative s
        - then RECUR. it asks the AUTHORITATIVE SERVER
          - AUTH.SEVER to RECUR. with the sought ip
            - RECUR. informs the local-HOST of sought ip

/usr/bin/pdns_control status 

vcgencmd measure_temp  # temperature
systemctl status plexmediaserver

vim /home/raquel/Desktop/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/TorBrowser/Data/Tor/torrc
ExitNodes {ch},{se},{ea}  # Switzerland,Sweden,Spain

loginctl  # Obtain the session ID to pass in by issuing
loginctl show-session <SESSION_ID> -p Type   # X11 or Wayland here

TODO

TODO

ffmpeg -i my-video.mov -vcodec h264 -acodec mp2 my-video.mp4  # mov (iphone) to mp4 (it gets smaller)

apt list --intalled | grep -i zoom

192.168.0.112:/mnt/ssd1 /home/jaime/share                       nfs4    hard,intr,retrans=1,timeo=1,user,exec # In client to minimize hangouts

cat > /etc/vsftpd.conf
listen=NO
listen_ipv6=YES
anonymous_enable=YES
anon_root=/home/pi/ftp
local_enable=YES
write_enable=YES
local_umask=022
dirmessage_enable=YES
use_localtime=YES
xferlog_enable=YES
connect_from_port_20=YES
chroot_local_user=YES
secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
pam_service_name=vsftpd
ssl_enable=NO
force_dot_files=YES

~ In /etc/java/java-1.8.0-openjdk/*/lib/security/java.security
# remove MD5 from:
# jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms
# jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms

dnf install java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel
dnf install icedtea*   # this is the only way to get javaws
$ javaws jnlpgenerator2-serial # to open the kvm from mycompany2 ilom (serial redirection_

apk add openrc --no-cache
apk add bonding
rc-status
! Configure bond interface
 /etc/network/interfaces file:
auto bond0
iface bond0 inet static
	  address 192.168.0.2
	  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 192.168.0.1
  # specify the ethernet interfaces that should be bonded
        bond-slaves eth0 eth1 eth2 eth3

rc-service networking stop

export HTTP_PROXY=http://cache.mydomain.net:port
export HTTPS_PROXY=http://cache.mydomain.net:port

Acquire::http::Proxy "http://cache.mydomain.net:port/";
Acquire::https::Proxy "http://cache.mydomain.net:port/";

...
###########################################################################
# SECTION: Agent Operating Mode
#
#   This section defines how the agent will operate when it
#   is running.
...
#agentaddress  127.0.0.1,[::1]
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161
...
#
SECTION: Access Control Setup
#
This section defines who is allowed to talk to your running
snmp agent.
...
rocommunity community 10.100.11.143
!
!
systemctl restart snmpd
!
netstat -nlpu|grep snmp
!
Now from the manager
snmpwalk -v2c -c community 10.100.11.129

sudo apt-get install snmp
sudo apt-get install snmp-mibs-download
snmptranslate -Tz -m ./arbornet-smi.mib:./arbornet-pdos.mib:./arbornet-sp.mib:./arbornet-tms.mib 2>&1 | less

(in cron (TBC)):  @reboot autossh -N -f -i -R 8081:localhost:22 pi@panda314159.duckdns.org &

UBUNTU 22 - NEW INSTALLS

NFS

/home/pi        192.168.0.11(rw,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)
systemctl restart nfs-server
exportfs -av

useradd -u 1010 santosj    # creates the user with the matching uid. no need to have a home folder 
usermod -a -G pi santosj    # adds ''santosj'' to the server's ''pi'' group  
chmod -R ug+rw /home/pi/Downloads    # This allos group members (''santosj'' among them) to rw in the folder

sudo cat /etc/fstab
192.168.0.112:/home/pi /home/jaimenfs/nfs nfs defaults,user,noauto,relatime,rw 0 0
#
(santosj)$ mkdir nfs
(santosj)$ mount 192.168.0.112:/home/pi /home/jaimenfs/nfs    # the IP is the one of the nfs server

Audio